The Public

Introduction In its quest to deliver to the public and reduce cost, Ontario province has had a series of Public-private partnerships programs over the years. These projects have shown tremendous success in areas mandated to attend.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Public-Private Partnership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In these arrangements, privately owned companies are contracted to carry out projects for the provincial government. In the whole of Canada, over 100 Public-Private Participation transactions have occurred in the last 20 years. To establish the extent of experience in public-private participation in Ontario, SuperBuild initiative is critically analyzed. A few years ago Ontario’s provincial government launched SuperBuild initiative in its budget which targeted infrastructural improvements. The SuperBuild program emphasized private public partnership as the basis of its success . The partnership targeted private sector, broader public and authorities such as municipalities, universities and other government institutions in the province. The initiative was planned to take a period of five years costing at least $ 20 billion. To finance the project, Ontario’s provincial government invested $ ten billion while private sector and other partners contributed additional $ 10 billion within a period of five years. Main priorities for the SuperBuild project were to improve hospitals and healthcare centers, schools, water, transportation infrastructure and environmental protection projects. Ontario SuperBuild Corporation was mandated by provincial government to perform all duties concerning these projects. Some of its duties included capital planning and policy development, evaluating and recommending necessary changes, develop strategies and report publicly on SuperBuild investment Priorities, plans and results.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Membership of the cooperation was drawn from private and public sectors in a bid to make it inclusive (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Infrastructure Ontario was established by an act of parliament in 2005 to fast-track the projects. To ensure success of Public–private partnership, some guidelines were put in place. These guidelines have been in used for the infrastructure projects in Ontario to ensure certain thresholds are met (Murphy, 2008). The same guidelines have been used in other projects. The Public-Private Partnership (P3s) Approach Ontario’s infrastructure is worth close to $ 200 billion. About half is owned by public while the remaining half is owned by private organizations. All of them are publicly regulated. Even though the infrastructure is thought to be sufficient, there has been need to expand, improve and manage them to ensure that they serve their purposes as intended. Roads, railways, waterways, hospitals and technological infrastructure require maintenance and improvements. The level of investment at the time was not enough to satisfy current and future needs of the province. With the need to have a long term planning and financial innovation, Public-Private partnership was the most convenient initiative which could be successfully supported by SuperBuild to achieve its goals (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). P3 approach includes service or management contracts, design-build construction projects, design-build-operate transfer concessions, design-build-own-finance-transfer concession and/or divestiture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Public-Private Partnership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of P3s Benefits of public-private partnerships in Ontario includes risk sharing, improving service levels, reducing cost and improving revenue, gaining access to new sources of capitals, gaining access to better skills, realizing value of under-utilized assets and realizing economic-development opportunities. To undertake Public-Private Participation in Ontario, three considerations are made. These considerations are vital to the success of Public-Private Participation. The first is political considerations. This is the climate which the projects are evaluated, financed and their benefits to the public are realized. Another consideration is the climate which ensures that public must maintain ownership and determine priorities of the project. The final consideration is the climate under which disputes are resolved (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Procurement and implementation generate numerous disputes which require arbitration. Distribution of responsibilities is based on which party is best suited to play which role. These considerations must be in place to avoid political representation in the project. Use of digitalization has enhanced tr ansparency in government dealings and political landscape in Canadian system. Members of public are encouraged to air their views on prevailing public debates. Internet use has been a key contributor to public participation in issues being debated in Ontario (Dutil et al., 2010). Establishment of Criteria The criterion which has been used in Ontario to select a viable project over the years has been a series. It involves:Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial terms which are acceptable to both the government and private sector that must be used to carry out projects to completion. Technical solutions to carry out the project must be available through Public-Private Participation. Operational- if there are hurdles associated with operations which might hinders full implementation of the project in question. If the project will be accepted by public. Implementation- that there are no barriers to carrying out the project. Timing –if there are possible constrains which can pre-empt P3 procurements. The decision to build Brampton Civic Hospital was made in 1996 by the Health Services Restructuring Commission using the above criterion. The criterion was not entirely followed but was later reviewed by Infrastructure Ontario (IO) to be used in subsequent projects. There were changes in leadership which affected the initial implementation of the project. The election of supportive government was the main advantage into the impl ementation of this project that was proposed several years earlier (Loxley and Loxley, 2010). Implementation and operations challenges Most project in P3 fail because of poor procurement which results in flaws in implementation and operational challenges. Procurement Principles In Ontario, appropriate strike between value and fairness is a vital requirement in successful design and implementation of procurement process. Most private organization want to maximize monetary gains while public want fairness and value for money from the process (Dutil et al., 2010). Principles have been developed to guide the process and ensure that all bidders have equal opportunities and sufficient information is disclosed. It also ensures that evaluation process is established before bidding process begins and pre-established evaluation process is followed. The main principles are to ensure that public policies are established and communicated before Request for Proposal is issued and identify public policy trade-offs to be made. Public policies are made in private while perspectives of public sector and potential bidders are addressed. Appropriate responses to significant labour-force issues are developed and a fair Public-private participation procurement process is designed. ‘Value for money’ is established, confidentiality of public and private partnership is maintained and bidders are provided with full and plain disclosure, enhancing staff functions by retaining consultants. Project Organization Organized responsibility structure and approval process is used in projects. This is because of the large number of people involved in these processes. Some particular responsibilities and practices procedure are used in Ontario to ensure fairness and quality of product. The roles of staff include functions in teams like Project Team, Evaluation Team, Due-Diligence Team, Steering Committee, Process Auditor, Executive (cabinet, municipal councils, school and hospital bo ards, etc.) and Ongoing Management. Project Plan Objectives and scopes of projects are explained to relevant parties before a process of selecting partner is started. Projects team engage in debates of various tradeoffs and constrains of the projects to define clearly the objectives, goals and requirements of each project. (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). The project team will make consultation with management, outside experts, and other stakeholders to deliberate these issues in details. A Public-private participation project plan undergoes four phases which include scoping the project, selection process, negotiations, implementation and operation. Project Scope The project scope is defined at the beginning of the project. The scope is defined in respect to Financial, Technical, Operational, Acceptability, Implementation and Timing (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Selection Process Selection process is developed and documented after project scope is established. Project team comes up with a plan to start the process. This will ensure that the best partner is selected and minimum challenges are expected from public and other organizations. Tailored process must be used basing on the nature (scope) of the project. (Ontario, SuperBuild, 2011). Negotiations A majority of organizations in Ontario maximize the use of strategy in procurement process and negotiate later during final agreement. They eventually lose because they do not want any reverse of the won bids. The one who succeed in negotiations is bidder who offers the best financial price for a project (Ontario SuperBuild, 2011). Sometimes negotiations are customized to suit the project in question. In ensuring successful negotiations, it is necessary to use a project team which is empowered and ready to walk away from a bad offer. The commitments made must be measurable and appropriate proponents perspectives are addressed. Implementation and Operations In Private-Public participation, private contractor is not paid until a substantial amount of work has been completed. This accelerates construction and completion of a project (Murphy, 2008). Delayed deliveries can result in penalties. This has made most of the private contractors to deliver on-time and on-budget. However, Private sector can back-track commitments made during negotiations or sometimes ignore the agreements during implementation process. Since public sector is poor in contract administration, it is required to sort off implementation issues at different phases of project which includes development/construction, operations, at the end of term. It is important that successful bidders are monitored, procedure is followed and commitment is delivered. However, development or construction administration in Private-public participation can be ambiguous and difficult. The cost of construction changed several times during the time of construction of Brampton Civic Hospital. According to Barrows and others (2011), the total change amounte d to 13% overrun with respect to government estimates by the end of the project. After completion, the hospital had a capacity of 479 funded beds in December 2007. When shifting operations from the old hospital to the new facility, two deaths of patients were reported resulting in a public uproar. There were claims that there was shortage of staff and patients had to wait for long before being attended to. Public-private participation arrangement was blamed for the situation. This was rectified after some time (Barrows et al. 2011), Conclusion Different views have been given concerning Public-private participation in Ontario and other places in Canada and around the world. Despite numerous inconsistencies in its delivery of services and goods, it has benefits. According to Loxley and Loxley (2010), with view of numerous projects undertaken under Public-Private partnership, majority of them have not delivered results as intended. To make these conclusions, the two examined projects w hich included schools, hospitals, water treatment plants and service oriented projects. It is thought that P3s projects save a lot of money because of risk being transferred to contractor. However, Loxley and Loxley found out that most contractors undertaking the projects finally use more money than if they had been undertaken by government. This was clearly portrayed by Brampton Civic Hospital project with 13% increase in cost (Barrows et al. 2011), Service oriented projects under public-private participation finally provide poor services to clients and public. They believe that if public servants provided these services or built the facilities in question, the quality would have improved while cost reduces. Accounting by government officials are misleading with the aim of making the projects look palatable which is not the case in the real sense. This is attributed to hidden interests between government officials and private operators. Costs are inflated with the aim of making mor e money from public coffers. These results in unrealistic profits recorded by private operators or contractors (Loxley and Loxley, 2010). Success of private-public participation can be measured and determined if proper mechanisms are put in place. Delivering of good services to the public can only be improved through Public-private partnerships because government does not have the capacity to undertake all projects (Dutil et al. 2010). Service culture can be built through cooperation between public, private sector and general public. With the use of internet becoming common, basic public participation in political and other decisions are enhanced. Public involvement in political decisions may increase service delivery especially in politically determined services. In Ontario, public-private participation has recorded success in both service and infrastructural sectors. Several projects undertaken under public-private partnership participations are completed and workings with few dis crepancies being recorded. Water, health, educational and several other sectors have benefitted from Public-private participation in Ontario. Although initial projects carried out under P3 recorded a few technical and operational problems, subsequent projects were better. Use of Public-private participation in future needs improvements both in organization and accountability to realize optimum benefits. Recommendations According to Barrows and others (2011), Brampton Civic Hospital project was a pilot P3 project undertaken when government employees and members of public had little experience with Public-private participation. Therefore, to counter political rhetoric, there should be a clear communication plan since P3 is a new model in Ontario and other places. Community management (including unique needs) should be improved to counter accusations after full implementation of projects. Methods for managing risks should be improved and followed effectively. Risk management and estima te should be given to knowledgeable and experienced participants to effectively transfer and assess risks. Generic risks associated with Policy, Design and Construction, and Maintenance and operations must be reviewed and improved. Since P3 is growing, people need to be educated on its working, purpose and their roles. This will improve procurements and implementation of future projects. There is need for holistic design in e-government structure and means of airing views by public (Dutil et al. 2007). Innovation in this section must involve both government and other stakeholders in its design. This must include responsibilities of employees in public sector in enhancing relationship with the government, capacities of private sector in both reforms and ongoing relational capacities and broadening participation from the current number to involve majority members of public. Works Cited Barrows, David, Ian Macdonald, Atipol Supapol, Olivia Dalton-Jez, and Simone Harvey-Rioux. â€Å"Pu blic Private Partnerships in Canadian Healthcare A Case Study of the Brampton Civic Hospital.† OECD 3. (2011): 55-140. Dutil, Patrice, Cosmo Howard, John Langford, and Jeffrey Roy. â€Å"Rethinking Government-Public Relationships in a Digital World.† Journal of Information Technology Politics 4.1, (2007): 77- 90. Dutil, Patrice, Cosmo Howard, John Langford, and Jeffrey Roy. The Service State Rhetoric, Reality and Promise. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2010. Print. Loxley, John and Salim Loxley. Public Service Private Profits. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing, 2010. Print. Murphy, Timothy J. â€Å"The Case for Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure.† Canadian Public Administration 51.1 (2008): 99-126. Ontario, SuperBuild 2011, A Guide to Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects. PDF file. Web. This research paper on The Public-Private Partnership was written and submitted by user Kamille Crosby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

War Propaganda in WWI and WWII essays

War Propaganda in WWI and WWII essays During the First World War, people started realizing that campaigns and techniques of mass persuasion were working their way around the world. It was not the first instance of the use of propaganda, but it was the period in which it was relied upon heavily to manipulate the masses. In light of this excessive use, it was immediately labeled as an evil to orchestrate people to a certain way of thinking because it was slanted toward a particular position. The term "propaganda" originated with the Roman Catholic Church and its efforts to propagate its faith. The creation of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was partly a response to the Protestant Reformation. It set up centralized control and coordination of the Church's basic religious messages. Its persuasive techniques are regularly applied by politicians, advertisers, journalists, radio personalities, and others who are interested in influencing human behavior. It entered into popular usage referring to a deceitful communication, and it was consequently used to refer to many communications of totalitarian regimes, such as the fascists, the Marxists, and the Nazis. Also known as the "Big Lie," this technique was popularized by Josef Goebbels, the Nazi minister of propaganda, who said that "People would believe anything, no matter how false, as long as it was repeated consistently and confidently." To fully understand Hitler in 1933, one must realize that ever since the Balkan Wars, great nationalism was promoted in Europe. Perhaps this was the first step toward propaganda. There were incredible debates over social tensions rising and new domestic policies which induced nationalism, a crucial point leading to the Great War. People were greatly impressed by their own nations' strength and were careless of the risks of wars and social revolutions. As the war progressed in 1914, by August, the people thought that their soldiers would be home for Christmas and this was...

15 College Halloween Costume Ideas

15 College Halloween Costume Ideas Forget finals, exams and mid-term papers: coming up with a costume idea for Halloween is real pressure. If youre sweating over what youll be dressing up as this year and want to avoid the tired out plays on pirates, zombies and vampires, we have 15 unique costume ideas that will score you points with fellow party-goers and overage trick-or-treaters. These unique ideas can be a great jumping off point to create your own look or to improve on great costumes of the past. 1. Favorite Internet Meme Every year brings its own crop of viral internet memes and heres your chance to celebrate your favorite. You can dress up as Grumpy Cat, Good Guy Greg, your favorite LOL cat or a combination of any of your favorite internet memes from the past several years. 2. Forgotten Comic Book Heroes Sure the X-Men, Superman and Batman get plenty of notice but what about Swamp Thing, Thor or If you want to show off your Geek Cred, dress up as Halk Kar, a superhero who had many of the same powers as Superman but to a lesser degree. Halk Kar was briefly thought to be Supermans older brother but it turned out he was from a different planet – Thoron – and was eventually scrapped by DC Comics. 3. Your Younger Self Break out the acid wash jeans, Dippity Do gel and velcro high tops. Dress up as your middle school or junior high self. Bonus points for dressing up as your Kindergarten self with accompanying yearbook photo. 4. Sexy Vader Pair up that Darth Vader mask with fetish PVC gear for a unique look sure to turn some heads. 5. Reality Show Fast Forward Pick your favorite (or your least favorite) reality show personality and dress as you predict theyll wind up 20 years from now. 6. Made by Lego Drag out that plastic bin of Legos and start building. People online have started developing instructions, blueprints and tips for building masks from plain Lego blocks. Use their instructions to create Star Wars inspired masks or create your own and upload it. 7. Lego Man Its also easy and fun to dress up as the original Lego Man. Use Large Construction Tubing to make his head (it will need to fit over your own head) and cover with Yellow Duct Tape. Build a blocky red shirt with cardboard and red tape or contact paper. Cut arm holes in the sides and wear a long sleeved red tee shirt underneath. Finish it off with black trousers and yellow rubber gloves. 8. Loading †¦. Get a picture of your own face or of a celebrity or whoever you want to use as a mask. Run it through an online filter to pixelate it and go as a slow loading jpeg or an 8-bit version of that person. 9. A Suessy Solution Going as your favorite Dr. Seuss character can take some planning. Hit up cosplay friends for tips on making sweeping takes, furry hats and prosthetic makeup to make the characters come to life. 10. Zipper Face Grab yourself a zipper either from those jeans that will never fit again or pick up a new one at a fabric store. Paint the whole thing (unzipped) with clear nail polish so it wont turn your face green and then use spirit gum or facial adhesive to plaster it half zipped onto your face. You can do down your nose and have the zipper open right over your mouth or go side to side. Paint each section of your face a different color or use it as a foundation for a monstrous makeover. The use of a real zipper adds a lot to the impact of the costume. Find out more on how to apply Halloween makeup from one of our blog posts. 11. Going as a Group Planning your costume with a group of friends opens a world of ideas. Gather up a few of your best mates and go as a group of Tetris pieces Paper, Rock, Scissors the Spice Girls the Evolution of Madonna the South Park gang Calvin and Hobbes 12. The World in Black White Use monochrome clothes, face paint, black lipstick and dark accessories to go as yourself in Black White. 13. Get Punny If youre a fan of word play, dress as a pun. A bra and two cups of spice bottles turns you into an instant Spice Rack. If you have red hair (and youre a guy) you can tie some bread around your neck and wist and go as a Gingerbread Man. 14. Frame It If youre willing to support a cardboard frame for the evening, you have several options. Framed options include the Mona Lisa walking FaceBook live action YouTube Video 15. Not Dressing Up is Still a Costume If you find yourself at the 11th hour with no costume, no money and no time, dont despair. Grab a white t-shirt and a sharpie and write Error 404: Costume Not Found. You may not win any prizes but at least it counts as a costume. By the way, this costume remains on top of the list for years. Weve even added it to our list of The Best Halloween Costumes for College Guys. Bonus Clowns are really creepy. If you want all your friends be scared of you, try to wear a clown costume. There are many variations of it; therefore, weve completed the entire blog post with Scary Clown Costume Ideas for This Halloween. Have an epic costume idea? Share it below!

Assignment, explore the topic of family Assignment

, explore the topic of family - Assignment Example It is astonishing to see how the two are divided along political lines. It goes to the extent of putting up posters of their respective political parties in sections of the house and his father sticking stickers on his car. Moreover, the daughter does not like guns, as opposed to his father who is obsessed with them. She is so deep into art and calm, while his father is stubborn and single minded. In another occasion, after her father was scolded by her mother for shooting at crows, he claimed shooting is a pastime like apple pie and baseball. This statement means that he could use his gun whenever, however, and whenever he felt like. In addition, the author’s sister has so much in common with his father as she loves guns too. Later on, she realizes she shares some similarities with her father as she comes to terms with his father’s love for artillery. She even wants to go and see his father’s manufactured cannon being launched. She finds out his father is artistic and creative (Vowell, 2001). Though they seemed different at first, they were similar in many

The Importance of Skara Brae Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Importance of Skara Brae - Research Paper Example The first professional excavations were concluded under the supervision of Gordon Childe, the Professor of Archeology from Glasgow University started excavating the site. The first houses were built about 3200 BC and people lived there for about six hundred years. Significantly, the village did not grow much since the time it was first built, even though about 8 generations of people passes through it. The area does not have many woods around, houses and furniture inside is made of stones, which also contributed to the village being well preserved, even though not all the houses were built or occupied at the same time. There are eight distinct houses in the settlement; each is a single-room. The floor space of each house is about 36 square meters and the walls were about three meters high. Early houses were built circular. The houses are built of the closely fitting flat stone slabs. The doorways and winding passages are low, which was preventing the winds from rushing in. There is a fire place in the central hearth. The houses are half in the ground, all huddled together and therefore insulated from the Atlantic weather, so it all made up for a very warm and cozy dwelling. The whole settlement is built inside the heap of decomposed vegetable matter, animal bones, stone and shells. There is furniture inside each house, all of which is â€Å"fitted† and made of stone. There are large stone dressers with two shelves supported on three stone legs, bedsteads, small water tanks set into the floor and rectangular seats, storage places made of stone boxes and cells in the floor and the walls. The dresser in each house is positioned in such a way that whoever would enter the house would see the display of items on the dresser. The houses are linked with each other by series of roofed tunnels, each has one entrance, most have bolt-securing hole cut in the stone to lock a stone slab door from inside. The other marvel of Skara Brae is sophisticated underground sewa ge disposal system made up of the stone built drainage channels which connected the houses to an outfall at the sea edge. The drains were made of stone and were lined up with the tree bark. This drainage system even may have included early form of toilet facilities. The roofs of the houses were supported either by driftwood or whalebone beams. Since the roofs are gone now, we can assume it was made of perishable materials. It is gone now and we can see inside. Since all houses are equipped similarly and are similar in size, and there is nothing that looks like a dwelling of a chief, it is thought that Skara Brae is a settlement of people of equal rights. It seems the village was abandoned suddenly for dweller left behind even some valuables. What was the reason we can only speculate. There are not many places in the world that has a virtually intact village that is 5,000 year old. This is Europe’s best preserved and most complete Neolithic village. It is older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids. In 1999 as a part of â€Å"The Heart of Neolithic Orkney† Skara Brae gained a status of UNESCO World Heritage Site. Skara Brae has particularly rich remarkably preserved remains of both furniture as well as wide range of domestic and ritual artifacts, drawings and symbols. All the remains with exceptional completeness gave us the picture of domestic, cultural and ritual practices of the

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